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The barrier of information channels: Looking at the civilization of the system from the “talk” of the Song Dynasty
Author: “Chinese Social Sciences” No. 1, 2019
Time: Confucius was in the 2570s and was on November 15, Xinsi
Project results:This article is a phased result of the “Information Communication and National Order of the 7th-16th Century” (17JJD770001) project of the Humanities and Social Sciences Key Research Base Project of the Education Department. During the revision process, he received help from Bing Wenbin and Xu Yang, a student from the Beijing Major History Department, and expressed his gratitude.
Information is the basis for the decision-making of the dynasty, and it is even more so in national political affairs. The rulers have never lost their hearts in collecting, processing, controlling and distributing information. In the historical guesses, we will all pay attention to related regulatory measures and several “hot spots” issues that have continued for a long time between the monarch and the ministers. Among them, issues such as preventing congestion, sensation, and blockage of speech always start in the middle of focus.
The so-called “talk” refers to the regulatory channel of traditional society in a broad sense. The cat looks clean and should not be a wandering cat. It is probably a way to travel from home, especially the way to present news and opinions from officials. As for the Song Dynasty court, observing information and making decisions on this basis, and then descending and responding, is a complex system; it involves the overall layer layout, the setting of internal and external institutions, the selection of relevant personnel, the operation of political documents, the general review of multi-channel news, the dispersion of the cultural residence, the interaction between high and low, etc. Behind the appearance, the internal mechanism of the transformation of the politician’s ideas and powers; the reality of the ruling operation also makes observers pay attention to the “ruling civilization” atmosphere at that time.
The people of the Song Dynasty regarded the system as “六文”. It should be said that under the similar choreographing and face-to-face setting, the Song Dynasty had its own unique methods for information gathering. For example, the “reversal” and “turning” of officials in the office, the “inspection” of inspections performed by officials in offices, the “inspection” of local investigations, the “visit” of “interview” that encourages multiple parties to visit, the “inspection” of the “purpose” of the reasons for review, and the “review” of verification information, etc. In addition, the channels and inspection skills used by the monarch are becoming more and more extensive. For example, the Communication Department and the Guard Division, which guards the important road of information communication, the Imperial City Division, which is controlled by the ministers and inspects the Beijing officials, the Imperial Academy, which serves as a supervisor and transmits information from the court, and the Imperial Academy, which is responsible for the position of the Inner Court, and is responsible for the “integrity visitor”, the journey to the horse, the military school and the secret agent who are involved in foreign affairs, and the establishment of the Guard Institute; there are also emperors who travel when they travel.The contact between the people and the people… All these types reflect the emperor’s desire and anxiety for political affairs.
The academic community has discussed the above content. ① The focus of this article is: (1) The construction of the Song Dynasty’s “Yanlu” as the main information access channel, (2) The activities and destruction on the “Yanlu”, and (3) The connection between the “Yanlu” and the reorganization of the “Yanlu” and the reorganization civilization.
1. Information and ways of speaking: the best way to prevent congestion
(I) “Information” in the medieval period
The “Information Communication” in the medieval period occurred in the international activities of various types of people at that time, including the relationship between the monarch and the ministers, the court and the residence, the official and the common people, the enemy’s forces, the internal networks of various relationships, and the mutual access, and the visit, sending and exchange of news. It can be said that information is the basis and property of people’s thinking, and it is also the basis of all political decisions.
When it comes to “information”, there are at most two meanings that need to be paid attention to: first, it refers to information, referring to the content and knowledge contained in it, such as the number order, news, data, symbols, etc.; secondly, information is mostly time-effective and fluid. When talking about “information”, it is mostly related to “communication”, “blocking”, “transmission”, and “separation”, showing its nature of communication and transmission and its main channels. ②
In the Middle Ages, the word “information” was a comprehensive narrative of news and news, and it appeared frequently in the Tang Dynasty at most. Similar words were more common in the Song Dynasty. In the memorials of ministers, official documents, and private letters and poems, there are often expressions such as “information is rich”, “sparse information”, “sparse information”, and “no information”. ③ At that time, people’s desire for information gave people a deep impression. Information is both audio and peripheral communication and isolation; information communication has the main meaning for the comfort of the people, and the blocking of channels is the physical manifestation of personal bans or environmental movements. All social networks discussed in the academic world are composed of invisible people, visible human relations and invisible information flow. Activities in the network include both the relationship between objects and the transportation of a large number of news, comments and comments; in the middle of the network, there are often information vortex discussions.
For national politics, information has a particularly important meaning, and the court has paid great attention to military information and social trends during the past. ④ In the tenth year of Xining (1077), Pu Yue, Emperor Shenzong of Song Dynasty, ordered Li Ying, who was in charge of the war in front of the front, “waited that Dong Vai had information and the order of handling ghost seals, and sent him to the scene.” ⑤ On the 19th day of the first month of the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084), Shenzong wrote Li Ying and once again revealed his deep concern for the “information lacks prosperity” in the future. ⑥ During the Jingfeng period, Tokyo was “information-free”, and was in trouble both inside and outside, and people were confused. ⑦All this kind of information communication and barriers are of great importance in military activities.
The border of the Song Dynasty was the most restrictive of important dynasties in Chinese history; and the depth of its rule reached was something that the previous dynasty could not compare. When the Song people praised the formation of the dynasty’s power, they said, “The laws of this dynasty are in harmony with each other, and they are lightly controlled, just like the body and the arm and the arm are in fingers”; ⑧ The junction nerve connecting the “body”-“arm”-“finger” obviously contains the information flowing in it. The court’s control of actual power, supervision of officials in the office, and control of the visibility and movement were all developed around the control of information. ⑨
The channel is blocked, including smooth or obstruction of high and low directions or even low directions; the “talk path” that is focused on in this article mainly refers to the upward gathering channel of information, especially the official’s speech path.
(II) Beware of the obstructive “way of speech”
In modern Chinese literature, whether political books are about, editing historical records or character records, they are not absolutely true about the history of the ministers’ “words” of their ministers. The Song people said that “Those who like to speak out are the laws of the Song family.” It is considered a reflection of the monarchical political enlightenment, and the deep concern behind it is to prevent congestion. The so-called “prevention of obstruction” is not only to prevent the collection of basic information in a timely manner, but also to prevent the selection of high-level officials or rights obstructions. When Wei Zheng explained the meaning of “hearing” to Emperor Taizong of Tang in the early Tang Dynasty, he clearly said: “If a king listens to the lower level, the noble ministers will not be obstructed, and the
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